Uma kuqhathaniswa namamotho kagesi avusa amadlingozi, amamotho kazibuthe ahlala njalo, ikakhulukazi amamotho kazibuthe asemhlabeni angajwayelekile, anesakhiwo esilula nokusebenza okuthembekile.Ivolumu encane nesisindo esincane;Ukulahlekelwa okuphansi nokusebenza kahle okuphezulu;Ukuma nobukhulu benjini kungaguquguquka futhi kuhluke.Ngakho-ke, ububanzi bezicelo bubanzi kakhulu, cishe kuyo yonke imikhakha ye-aerospace, ukuvikela izwe, ukukhiqizwa kwezimboni nezolimo kanye nempilo yansuku zonke.Izici eziyinhloko kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamamotho kazibuthe amaningana avamile ethulwa ngezansi.
1. Uma kuqhathaniswa namajeneretha endabuko, amajeneretha avumelanayo kazibuthe omhlaba ayivelakancane awadingi izindandatho zokushelela namadivaysi ebhulashi, anesakhiwo esilula kanye nezinga lokuhluleka elincishisiwe.Umazibuthe ongapheli womhlaba ongajwayelekile nawo angakhuphula igebe lomoya kazibuthe, akhuphule isivinini semoto sibe yinani elifanele futhi athuthukise isilinganiso samandla-kuya-mass.Amajeneretha kazibuthe omhlaba ayivelakancane cishe wonke asetshenziswa ekundizakeni kwesimanje kanye namajeneretha omkhathi.Imikhiqizo yayo ejwayelekile ingu-150 kVA 14-pole 12 000 r/min ~ 21 000 r/min kanye ne-100 kVA 60 000 r/min eyivelakancane yomhlaba eyi-cobalt umazibuthe wamajeneretha angama-synchronous akhiwe yiGeneral Electric Company of America.Injini yokuqala kazibuthe yomhlaba engavamile eyakhiwe eShayina ingu-3 kW 20 000 r/min unomphela ozibuthe generator.
Amajeneretha kazibuthe ahlala njalo asetshenziswa njengama-exciter asizayo kuma-turbo-generator amakhulu.Ngawo-1980, iShayina yathuthukisa ngempumelelo i-exciter yamagnetic eyinzalo enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni enamandla amakhulu angu-40 kVA～160 kVA, futhi ifakwe ama-turbo-generator angu-200 MW ~ 600 MW, okwathuthukisa kakhulu ukwethembeka kokusebenza kwesiteshi sikagesi.
Njengamanje, amajeneretha amancane aqhutshwa izinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi, amajeneretha kazibuthe wezimoto, kanye namajeneretha omoya amancane ozibuthe ahlala unomphela ashayelwa ngokuqondile amasondo omoya aya ngokuya aduma.
2. Uzibuthe osebenza kahle unomphela unomphela we-synchronous motor Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-induction motor, i-magnetic synchronous motor unomphela ayidingi i-reactive excitation current, engathuthukisa kakhulu isici samandla (kufika ku-1 noma ngisho ne-capacitive), ukunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kwamanje kwe-stator kanye ne-stator ukumelana, futhi akukho ukulahlekelwa kwethusi kwe-rotor ngesikhathi sokusebenza okuzinzile, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe ifeni (i-motor encane yamandla ingasusa ngisho ne-fan) kanye nokulahlekelwa kwe-wind friction okuhambisanayo.Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-induction motor yokucaciswa okufanayo, ukusebenza kahle kungakhuphuka ngamaphesenti angama-2 ~ 8.Ngaphezu kwalokho, injini ye-synchronous kazibuthe unomphela ingagcina ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu kanye nesici samandla ebangeni lomthwalo olinganiselwe lika-25% ~ 120%, okwenza umphumela wokonga uphawuleke kakhulu lapho usebenza ngaphansi komthwalo okhanyayo.Ngokuvamile, lolu hlobo lwe-motor lufakwe ukuqala kokuphenduka ku-rotor, enekhono lokuqala ngokuqondile ku-frequency ethile kanye ne-voltage.Njengamanje, isetshenziswa kakhulu emasimini kawoyela, izimboni zendwangu nezamakhemikhali, izimboni ze-ceramic nezingilazi, abalandeli namaphampu anesikhathi eside sokusebenza sonyaka, njll.
I-NdFeB unomphela uzibuthe motor synchronous motor esebenza kahle kakhulu kanye ne-torque ephezulu yokuqala ngokuzimela ethuthukiswe izwe lethu ingaxazulula inkinga "yenqola enkulu edonsa amahhashi" ekusetshenzisweni kwendawo yamafutha.I-torque yokuqala ingu-50% ~ 100% enkulu kunaleyo ye-induction motor, engangena esikhundleni se-induction motor ngenombolo enkulu yesisekelo, futhi izinga lokonga amandla licishe libe ngu-20%.
Embonini yendwangu, umzuzu wokulayisha we-inertia mkhulu, odinga i-torque ephezulu yokudonsa.Idizayini enengqondo ye-no-load leakage coefficient, i-salient pole ratio, ukumelana ne-rotor, usayizi kazibuthe unomphela kanye nokuphenduka kwe-stator winding kazibuthe unomphela we-synchronous motor kungathuthukisa ukusebenza kokudonsa kwemoto kazibuthe unomphela futhi ikhuthaze ukusetshenziswa kwayo ezimbonini ezintsha zendwangu nezamakhemikhali.
Amafeni namaphampu asetshenziswa eziteshini ezinkulu zikagesi, ezimayini, e-petroleum, amakhemikhali nezinye izimboni zingabasebenzisi bamandla amakhulu, kodwa ukusebenza kahle kanye nezici zamandla zamamotho asetshenziswayo njengamanje ziphansi.Ukusebenzisa odonsa unomphela be-NdFeB akugcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle namandla factor, konga amandla, kodwa futhi kunesakhiwo esingenalutho, esithuthukisa ukuthembeka kokusebenza.Njengamanje, injini eyi-synchronous kazibuthe engu-1 120kW iyinjini yezibuthe enamandla kunazo zonke emhlabeni eqala ukusebenza kahle kakhulu.Ukusebenza kahle kwayo kungaphezulu kuka-96.5% (ukusebenza kahle kwezimoto okufanayo kungu-95%), futhi amandla ayo angu-0.94, angangena esikhundleni semoto evamile ngamamaki wamandla angu-1 ~ 2 amakhulu kunayo.
3. I-AC servo unomphela ozibuthe motor kanye ne-brushless DC unomphela uzibuthe motor manje bayanda ukusebenzisa ukunikezwa kwamandla okuguquguqukayo kanye ne-AC motor ukwenza uhlelo lokulawula isivinini lwe-AC esikhundleni sohlelo lokulawula isivinini se-DC.Kumamotho e-AC, isivinini se-synchronous motor unomphela ozibuthe sigcina ubudlelwano obuqhubekayo nemvamisa yokuphakelwa kwamandla ngesikhathi sokusebenza okuzinzile, ukuze sisetshenziswe ngokuqondile ohlelweni lokulawula isivinini esishintshashintshayo se-loop.Lolu hlobo lwenjini ngokuvamile luqalwa ngokwanda kancane kancane kwemvamisa yesiguquli semvamisa.Akudingekile ukusetha ukuvuthwa kokuqala ku-rotor, futhi ibhulashi kanye ne-commutator azikho, ngakho-ke ukugcinwa kulula.
I-self-synchronous unomphela uzibuthe motor yakhiwe unomphela uzibuthe evumelanisa motor enikwa amandla yi-frequency converter kanye ne-close-loop control system ye-rotor position, engagcini nje ngokusebenza kahle kakhulu kokulawula isivinini semoto kagesi ye-DC, kodwa futhi ibona i-brushless.Isetshenziswa kakhulu ezikhathini ezinokulawula okuphezulu nokunemba nokuthembeka, njengokundiza, i-aerospace, amathuluzi omshini we-CNC, izikhungo zokwenza imishini, amarobhothi, izimoto zikagesi, ama-peripheral amakhompyutha, njll.
Njengamanje, i-NdFeB unomphela uzibuthe we-synchronous motor kanye nesistimu yokushayela enebanga elibanzi lejubane kanye nesilinganiso samandla weGao Heng senziwe, ngesilinganiso sejubane esingu-1: 22 500 kanye nesivinini somkhawulo esingu-9 000 r/min.Izici zokwenza kahle kakhulu, ukudlidliza okuncane, umsindo ophansi kanye nokuminyana kwetorque ephezulu yemoto kazibuthe unomphela amamotho afaneleka kakhulu ezimotweni zikagesi, amathuluzi omshini namanye amathuluzi okushayela.
Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwezinga lokuphila kwabantu, izidingo zemishini yasendlini ziya ngokuya zikhuphuka.Isibonelo, i-air conditioner yasendlini ayiyona nje umthengi omkhulu wamandla, kodwa futhi umthombo oyinhloko womsindo.Umkhuba wayo wokuthuthuka ukusebenzisa uzibuthe unomphela i-brushless DC motor enomthethonqubo wejubane ongenasinyathelo.Ingakwazi ukuzivumelanisa ngokuzenzakalela nesivinini esifanelekile ngokuya ngokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa legumbi futhi isebenze isikhathi eside, inciphisa umsindo nokudlidliza, yenza abantu bazizwe bekhululeke kakhudlwana, futhi yonga u-1/3 kagesi uma kuqhathaniswa ne-air conditioner ngaphandle kokulawulwa kwesivinini.Ezinye iziqandisi, imishini yokuwasha, abaqoqi uthuli, abalandeli, njll. kancane kancane ziyashintsha zibe ama-brushless DC motors.
4. Uzibuthe ongapheli we-DC motor DC motor isebenzisa ukuvuswa kazibuthe unomphela, okungagcini nje ngokugcina izici ezinhle zokulawula isivinini kanye nezici zemishini yemoto kagesi ye-DC ejabulile, kodwa futhi inezici zesakhiwo esilula nobuchwepheshe, umthamo omncane, ukusetshenziswa kwethusi okuphansi, okuphezulu. ukusebenza kahle, njll. ngoba ukuvuthwa kwe-excitation nokulahlekelwa kwe-excitation kususiwe.Ngakho-ke, amamotho kazibuthe e-DC ahlala esetshenziswa kabanzi kusukela ezintweni zasendlini, izinto zikagesi eziphathwayo, amathuluzi kagesi kuya kusivinini esinembayo kanye nezinhlelo zokudlulisa isikhundla ezidinga ukusebenza okuhle okuguquguqukayo.Phakathi kwamamotho amancane e-DC angaphansi kuka-50W, amamotho kazibuthe ahlala efinyelela ku-92%, kuyilapho lawo angaphansi kuka-10 W enza ngaphezu kuka-99%.
Njengamanje, imboni yezimoto yaseShayina ithuthuka ngokushesha, futhi imboni yezimoto ingumsebenzisi omkhulu kakhulu wamamotho kazibuthe ahlala unomphela, okuyizingxenye ezibalulekile zezimoto.Emotweni esezingeni eliphezulu, kunamamotha angaphezu kuka-70 anezinjongo ezihlukene, iningi lawo okungama-micromotor DC azibuthe angenawo amandla aphansi.Lapho kusetshenziswa omagnethi baphakade be-NdFeB namagiya eplanethi asetshenziswa kuma-starter motors ezimotweni nezithuthuthu, izinga lama-starter motors lingancishiswa ngesigamu.
Ukwahlukaniswa Kwama-Permanent Magnet Motors
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zozibuthe ezihlala njalo.Ngokomsebenzi wemoto, ingahlukaniswa izigaba ezimbili: ijeneretha kazibuthe unomphela kanye nemoto kazibuthe unomphela.
Amamotho kazibuthe ahlala njalo angahlukaniswa abe izinjini zikazibuthe ze-DC unomphela kanye nezinjini ezihlala unomphela ezizibuthe ze-AC.I-AC motor unomphela isho injini ye-synchronous enezigaba eziningi enerotha kazibuthe, ngakho-ke ivame ukubizwa nge-permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM).
Izinjini ezihlala unomphela zikazibuthe ze-DC zingahlukaniswa zibe izinjini ezihlala unomphela ezisebenza ngozibuthe ze-DC kanye nezinjini ezingapheli zikazibuthe ze-DC (BLDCM) uma zihlukaniswa ngokuya ngokuthi kukhona ukushintshwa kukagesi noma abagibeli.
Kulezi zinsuku, ithiyori nobuchwepheshe bama-electronics amandla esimanje kukhula kakhulu emhlabeni.Ngokufika kwemishini kagesi yamandla, njenge-MOSFET, IGBT ne-MCT, izisetshenziswa zokulawula zibe nezinguquko ezibalulekile.Kusukela u-F. Blaceke abeka phambili umgomo wokulawula i-vector ye-AC motor ngo-1971, ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokulawula i-vector sekuqalise inkathi entsha yokulawula i-AC servo drive, futhi ama-microprocessors ahlukahlukene asebenza kahle kakhulu aphushelwe ngaphandle ngokuqhubekayo, okuqhubekisela phambili ukusheshisa ukuthuthukiswa. yohlelo lwe-AC servo esikhundleni sohlelo lwe-DC servo.Kuwumkhuba ongenakugwemeka ukuthi uhlelo lwe-AC-I servo luthathe indawo yesistimu ye-DC servo.Kodwa-ke, unomphela uzibuthe we-synchronous motor (PMSM) ene-sinusoidal back emf kanye ne-brushless DC motor (BLIX~) ene-trapezoidal back emf ngokuqinisekile izoba insakavukela yokuthuthukisa uhlelo lwe-AC servo olusebenza kahle ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo okuhle kakhulu.